Water

Television personality John Doyle (from Roy and HG) was on Australia’s Radio National yesterday afternoon talking about the environmental problems he observed as he ventured down the Darling River recently with another Australian celebrity Tim Flannery.

I gather the journey was undertaken in a small boat earlier in the year and is being turned into a television documentary lamenting the state of the river and blaming irrigation in south western Queensland.

Doyle suggested that one hundred years ago the river used to ‘dry up’ because of drought, now the problem is apparently cotton farmers upstream taking all the water.

Interestingly two very large irrigated cotton farms were auctioned just last Friday; Ballandool Station at Hebel and Clyde at Dirranbandi. Together they have a storage capacity of 220,000 megalitres which is huge.

I am surprised there was no interest from any government in buying the properties which were passed in at auction for $20 and $27 million respectively. The irrigation licences could have been cancelled and the water ‘returned’ for the Darling River.

Meanwhile, on Saturday the Sydney Morning Herald published a long piece by Daniel Lewis titled ‘Fat Ducks, fat cattle – fat chance’ [1] that quotes from my blog piece titled ‘Cattle killing the Macquarie Marshes?‘ [2]. This is the first time I’ve read something in the mainstream media acknowledging that there might be an overgrazing problem in the marshes. Usually the finger is only pointed at the irrigators.

Lewis also quotes Chris Hogandyk from Auscott suggesting that government would get a better environmental result by spending $33.2 million buying 82,000 hectares of core marshland than spending money on ‘environmental water’ that ends up fattening cattle.

Reference was made in the Sydney Morning Herald to the following photograph, first published at this blog in October last year:

As I wrote in the original blog post, the photograph taken in 2005 shows the dramatic impact of grazing. The fence is the line of demarcation between an overgrazed private property and ungrazed nature reserve. The impact of grazing here is obvious and dramatic.

A very similiar photograph was taken three years earlier in 2002 and published by the Australian Geographic as explained at my second blog post on the Macquarie Marshes entitled ‘Marsh Graziers Don’t Pay For Their Water’.

I wrote last year that it seems incredible that flood-plain graziers are screaming so loudly for more water and yet the issue of overgrazing is being ignored by all.

Well, just maybe, overgrazing as an issue, in the marshes, is now starting to be acknowledged!

Thanks Daniel Lewis.

—————–
[1] Fat ducks, fat cattle – fat chance
On one side of the river stand the irrigators, on the other the graziers. Both are pointing the finger over the demise of the Macquarie Marshes, writes Daniel Lewis.
Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday 8th July 2006
http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/fat-ducks-fat-cattle–fat-chance/2006/07/07/1152240493862.html

[2] Cattle Killing the Macquarie Marshes
October 21, 2005. https://jennifermarohasy.com.dev.internet-thinking.com.au/blog/archives/000949.html

I’ve written two other pieces on the marshes:
Marsh Graziers Don’t Pay For Their Water, October 25, 2005
https://jennifermarohasy.com.dev.internet-thinking.com.au/blog/archives/000958.html
and
Fat Ducks Equal Fat Cows, On Line Opinion 18th April 2006
http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=4377

A year ago I criticised the Queensland Government for not telling us how much water would be delivered by the then newly released infrastructure plan and the proposed $2.3 billion budget allocation [click here for that bog post].

A lot has happened over the last year. Government has changed its plan and yesterday the Premier provided estimates in terms of how much water the new options will deliver at the same time announcing that two new dams will definately be built, the Traveston and Wyalarong Dams.

Here are some extracts from one of the media releases:

“The new water projects for the Logan/Albert River and Mary River will be essential to fill the future gap of water supply need in south east Queensland, Premier Peter Beattie said today.

Mr Beattie said the current estimated water supply capacity in south east Queensland was 450,000 megalitres a year.

“Our goal is to reduce demand through water efficiency measures such as fixing leaky council pipes, reducing water pressure, and encouraging changes in consumption by homes, business and industry,” Mr Beattie said.

“However, even if we meet these water saving targets we expect our water use to grow to 750,000 megalitres a year by 2050.

“Therefore we need to fill the gap of approximately 300,000 megalitres.

“We expect investigations on desalination and our work on industrial recycling will deliver 110,000 megalitres per annum

“However these projects alone will not be enough.

“We need to build new water storages to meet the capacity needs of another 190,000 megalitres per annum.”

Mr Beattie said the four new water initiatives on the Logan/Albert River were expected to deliver an extra 42,000 megalitres into the system by the end of 2011.

He said the three stage process for the Traveston Dam would deliver up to an extra 150,000 megalitres per annum. The first stage of Traveston will deliver up to 70,000 megalitres per annum, the raising of Borumba Dam an extra 40,000 megalitres per annum and the completion of Traveston, if required, an extra 40,000 megalitres per annum.

“Dams are able to provide relatively large volumes of reliable water supplies in an economical way,” Mr Beattie said

“It is true that climate change has affected the reliability of rainfall to supply dams, however, that is why we are developing a water grid to connect our water storages throughout south east Queensland.”

“We can share supply between the dams and other water storages through an inter-connected set of pipelines and transfer mechanisms.

“That way if it rains in one part of the region but not in another we can move water around the region to meet demand in the highest areas of need.”

Now that’s interesting. Is the Premier suggesting that climate change is not now anticipated to affect the overall amount of water falling in south eastern Queensland, just how its distributed?

It is now proposed that the dam for the Logan/Albert River be built at Wyalarong. Following is a rainfall record for parts of this catchment put together about a year ago by Warwick Hughes.

Not so many years ago a dam was to be built in central Queensland on the Fitzroy River. It was to be called the Nathan Dam. Construction was blocked when an action was taken by conservation groups in the federal court under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. It will be interesting to see whether or not the same fate befalls the proposed new dams for south eastern Queensland?

Steve Dennis, a member of the Save the Mary River Campaign Committee, is not convinced that the Queensland Government proposal to dam the Mary River is just about water. It could even be about nuclear power, argues Steve in the following guest post:

“The Queensland Government, or more specifically Premier Peter Beattie, is posturing in the media unshakeable determination to build a megadam on the Mary River, in spite of growing opposition, and strong evidence to suggest that the proposal has insurmountable flaws.

Media snatches like “If the figures stack up, it’s a done deal…foregone conclusion…..feasible or not, we will build this dam….” appears to contradict his deputy premier Anna Bligh,and ministers, plus information sheets from the Department of Natural Resources, Mining and Water, and even his own comments in Parliament which state : If the government commits to the project, all the relevant studies and impact assessments will be undertaken, and the required approvals at state and federal levels will be met, and this will take 2-3 years.

There appears to be stiil a long way to go before this is “a done deal”, but the Premiers confidence, and media posturing would suggest otherwise.

The announcement to build the dam, which will inundate 76 sq km’s of prime agricultural land, including over 500 hectares of endangered remnant rainforest , on collectively 900 properties came on 26th April, after a decision that appears to have been hastily finalised in cabinet. The Government departments involved were caught unawares, and unprepared. There were immediately responses of outrage from residents along the length of the Mary River, as the local shire councils joined Environment groups to voice their disapproval. Several mayors from affected shires have requested a meeting with the Premier since the announcement, but, unlike his open door policy for developers, his door is currently firmly closed.

Meanwhile, the politics behind the decision showed an unmistakable tactic to divert attention from the “Health Crisis” in Queensland (or more specifically, the fact that one foreign trained surgeon managed to negligently mistreat several patients at the Bundaberg Hospital, attracting wide media coverage). The timing, in the months leading up to a State election, and as the dry season and falling water storages ensured SEQ (South East Queesland)’s
urban population would have water restrictions inflicted on them, heightening water consciousness, was no doubt premeditated. Further, the location of the proposed dam, in a non-Labour electorate held by an ineffectual Independent ex- One Nation Elisa Roberts, and a previous National stronghold, gives the decision a Triple seal of approval for “political correctness”.

The political intrigue is also augmented by the fact that the proposed dam will flood 9km’s of the Bruce Highway (Hwy #1). There has been much negotiation in the last 12 months with Federal Minister for Transport, Warren Truss, over the route for the Gympie bypass, with many taxpayers dollars spent on studies, and the proposed dam not only floods the existing Highway, it knocks out of contention 4 of the alternatives. Minister Truss was apparently caught flat footed by Premier Beattie’s announcement – it is also Warren Truss’s electorate, Wide Bay, through which the Mary River flows, and the fact that he had no prior knowledge of the proposed dam confirms the poor level of communication between State and Federal Governments.

The degree of sensitivity within State Government and Labour party ranks on this issue has been highlighted by the Labour Member for Noosa, Cate Molloy, who has indicated her intention to introduce a private members bill in opposition to the dam. She has been threatened with expulsion from the Labour party if she does, which would account for the reason she didn’t carry out her original plan to “cross the floor” and vote against the proposal in Parliament in the June sitting. However, she has subsequently stated her intention to introduce the bill in the August sitting, and recently joined an anti-dam rally outside the Labour Conference held in Brisbane over the June long weekend. Needless to say, she has since been ostracized from the Labour party, and may have to stand as an Independent in the upcoming election.

As the 3rd stage water restrictions come into force in Brisbane, the Department of Natural Resources, Mining and Water have started a campaign to convince all in SEQ that the proposed Traveston Crossing megadam on the Mary , along with at least one other dam (on the Logan River) are the mainstays behind securing adequate water for the next 50 years for the burgeoning population of SEQ, mooted to be increasing by 1000 per week. The intriguing issue is the fact that the current storages are predicted to run out by 2008, and, under the legal requirements for studies and planning, etc, neither dam will be started till at least the end of 2008, and the Mary River Dam may have no water in it till 2013. It obviously begs the question, where will the water come from before then?

From an environmental and geotechnical point of view, the site of the proposed Mary River dam carries more negatives than positives. The proposed inundation area is a wide flat flood plain, not your traditional deep, steep, rock walled type dams. Doubt has been cast over the areas ability to hold water, and Professor David Williams, Associate Professor in Geomechanics at University of Queensland, has publicly condemned the project, citing that seepage and evaporation could possibly cause at least an equivalent of the expected yield (150,000 ML’s) to be lost each year. By Professor Williams calculations, the average depth of the dam would be around 8 metres, and based on Bureau of Meteorology estimates on evaporation, approx 1.4 metres would be lost each year to evaporation, while anywhere between 0.3 and 3 metres could be lost in seepage.

According to the World Commission on Dams, a project funded by the World Bank, dams of this nature will have a high tendency to produce large amounts of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, as rotting vegetation decomposes, and will also have a tendency to foster enormous areas of blue green algae, which will impact on water quality. The Department of Natural Resources, Mining and Water have yet to counter these claims, although the Minister, Henry Palaszscuk (pronounced Pal O’Shea), has recently been quoted in the press saying “I have faith in my department”. The government has released almost no specific information about the proposal, and even the map outlining the inundation area was claimed recently by DNRMW’s Project Manager for the Mary River Dam, Scott Smith, to be only approximate, because their current knowledge of the contours of the area is only accurate to plus or minus 5 metres!

Hard to believe in this age of sophisticated GPS’s and related technologies, but this was the claim as letters went out to residents informing them that they are likely to have their land compulsorily acquired for the project. It is still the claim 8 weeks later.

Meanwhile, DNRMW “information sheets” state that “property owners likely to be affected by the project will continue to receive detailed information on the plans directly from the Queensland Government. Most landholders feel they have yet to receive any detailed information directly from the Government.

There was an initial, vague map, which showed the likelihood that 2 towns, Kandanga and Imbil, would have serious flooding risks at full dam capacity. There has been, since, a proposal that a “bunding” would be built around Kandanga to prevent this occurring, but there is much scepticism over this, and an assertion that such a structure would cause floodwaters (if and when they occur, but historically have been spectacular) to back up to a greater degree, and, with a full dam, take a prolonged time to recede.

The Premier has recently been quoted as saying ”The Mary River Dam will be built, feasible or not”. One of the main feasibility concerns has been whether the wall will have sufficient rock to anchor it too, as drilling so far is not finding rock for 30 metres, and above the rock found is soft alluvial material. The DNRMW Minister Henry Palaszczuk has told Brisbane ABC radio presenter, Madonna King, that they have had to realign the dam wall as they were unable to find rock where they initially looked. In one sentence he said that they needed to find rock to anchor the dam wall, and soon after said it didn’t matter that they hadn’t found rock there, as all it means is that the wall will”just have to be a little bit deeper”. Engineering opinions state that you can build anything as long as you are willing to spend enough money. However, it’s not the constructed wall that has the most doubt, but the natural walls of the valley, believed to have many faultlines through them, and hence may be a major source of loss through seepage.

Recent flow data analyisis has shown a flaw in the assertion that 85% of the flow downstream will be maintained, whilst still achieving the yield.

The Mary River is renowned for spectacular floods, but these high flow events occur about every 15 years, interspersed with the odd year of moderate flows. The majority of the time, the Mary is a low flow river. The Government’s calculations on yield are based on 115 years of flow records, but they appear to fail to take into account the fact that 70% of the river’s flow occurs 5% of the time. There is a high probability, therefore, that the proposed dam may not fill till there is a megaflood, which historically occurs when the catchment has reached a saturation point, usually coinciding with water abundance across the SEQ region.

The flow data is an important aspect of this proposal, as the downstream effects of this proposed dam is what the Environment Groups (Queensland Conservation Council, Sunshine Coast Environment Council, and Wide Bay Burnett Conservation Council) are partly up in arms about. The impounded area will have direct impacts on 2 endangered species (under the EPBC Act,1999), the Mary River Cod (called the Murray River Cod by Premier Beattie in a gaff, when announcing the dam), and the Mary River Turtle, along with the vulnerable Queensland Lungfish, which is only found in 2 rivers, the Mary and the Burnett. The lungfish is a unique link in evolution, having a single lung which allows it to breath air when water oxygenation is low.

This adaptation would allow individuals to survive in an impoundment, but no spawning can occur in dams. The lungfish, for instance, requires riffles for spawning, and several breeding site of all 3 species will be lost with the proposed dam, so the downstream flows will play an important role in allowing them to avoid extinction.

The Government asserts that the downstream flows can be maintained, but their own figures put under the microscope appear to allow for no flow for over 6 months of the year, and still have 85% total flow maintained, with high flows in the wet season making up for the seasonal low flows at other times.

Apart from the freshwater species, there are also great concerns about the effects the reduction of flows will have on the Ramsar Listed Wetlands at the mouth of the Mary River, the World Heritage Listed Great Sandy Straits, and of course Fraser Island. The fish stocks rely on nutrient flow from the river, and the combined effects of reduced flow and reduced nutrient carriage will have a dramatic impact on species in the straits. The long term effect on fish stocks is incalculable, but suspected to be profound.

In parliament recently, Premier Beattie quoted the Paradise Dam, on the Burnett River, near Bundaberg, and specifically its fish ladder, as a shining example of his Governments efforts to address environmental concerns.
However, in the Fraser Coast Chronicle, 19th May, there is an article about the fact that the fish ladder had already broken down, and had to be manually operated rather than automatically, as it was designed to. Meanwhile, Professor Jean Josh, from Macqaurie University, and recognised as a world authority on Australian Lungfish, has publicly called into doubt that the lungfish would use the fish ladders, and has suggested that the full impact of the Paradise Dam would not be known for many years, as lungfish can live to 100 years, but can’t breed in still water.

A recent report by the Worldwide Fund For Nature, called “To Dam Or Not to Dam? Five Years on from the World Commission on Dams”, has highlighted the Paradise Dam, among 6 other dams worldwide, that has failed to address one or more of the 7 strategic priorities. To quote from the report, “In WWF’s view, this project fails to observe WCD strategic priority 1 for gaining public acceptance, 2 on comprehensive options assessment, and 4 for sustaining rivers and livelihoods”.

The Beattie Government continues to argue that their main criteria for selecting the Traveston Crossing site on the Mary River is for the potential yield. There is a determination to proceed with the project, in spite of concerns about cost, environmental and cultural impact, social impact, geotechnical feasibility, and, as has been highlighted by the WCD, hydrology and flow data raising doubts that the dam deliver the yield quoted.

The decision to proceed with the project is due by the end of June, and if so, a newly listed private company Queensland Water Infrastructure Pty Ltd will take over completion of the project, including the land acquisition process. The community and landholders have obvious concerns about having to deal with an unknown private organisation, with no track record, unknown faces and uncertainty about the company’s charter, stakeholders, and what code of conduct the employees will be acting under. There has been no information given directly, or indirectly, to affected parties.

All of the above poses the question: What is the real reason for this proposed dam?

Many see it as a smoke screen for the Health issue in Queensland. Some see it as an effort to sure up votes in water strapped coastal urban SEQ. Some have linked a megadam with a Nuclear Power Station for SEQ- the same motivation for long term water needs, ie increasing population, will require large amounts of energy production, and coal fired power production is likely to lose support as climate change becomes more evident. Many see it as a way of appeasing developers who are waiting to capitalize on the population increase in SEQ.

Whatever the true reason, this issue continues to stimulate debate and will be a major platform for the next Queensland State elections.”

Dr. Steve Dennis, BVSc (Hons), MACVSc

Has anyone got any other ideas why the government might be so keen to dam the Mary?

I live in Brisbane in south eastern Queensland (Australia) and we are now on what are called level 3 water restrictions. This means if you want to water your garden you have to use a bucket. It is illegal to use a sprinkler or even a hose at any time.

South east Queensland is one of the fastest growing regions in Australia and we have had a few dry years. There is no water recycling, no desalination plant and we have not traditionaly pumped from groundwater, we have relied almost exclusively on three dams that were build decades ago.

As dam levels continue to fall and the population continues to grow the Labor state government recently committed to building a dam on the Mary River. A group has formed to opposed the dam with a website called SaveTheMaryRiver.com .

Following is an article from a local aboriginal elder about the Queensland lungfish and why the Mary River should not be dammed:

“Imagine being able to link your history back 380 million years? Impossible you say? Yes, for humans, but we have one resident of Queensland who can do that – The Queensland lung fish (Neoceratodus forsteri).

The lung fish appeared on earth 180 million years before the dinosaurs and found a habitat which enabled it to live into our days. Is it right that we humans are contemplating the destruction of this pre-historic example of evolution because of five years less rainfall than we used to have? This living fossil link is the evolution of all our feathery and hairy fellow creatures with fishes

There are six species of lung fish in the world belonging to two families. One family contains a single species only, and this is our Queenslander, making it a very rare species indeed. What is special about our lung fish is that it has only one lung, while all other species have two (paired) lungs. World-wide lung fish are very rare and endangered because they rely on special habitats that increasingly are occupied by humans. The natural habitat of the Queensland lung fish is restricted to the Burnett and Mary River systems.

The Queensland lung fish is unique in the world, making it a creature of highest biodiversity value and significance. It is a rare natural asset which we have a duty to protect.

Its uniqueness, the links to the past, afforded by its natural habitat confined to our State, should be sufficient reasons in themselves for highest protection priorityf or this creature and the habitat on which it depends to ensure the survival of a viable population – the only one of its kind on the planet.

However, another important reason to protect it, is that it is a sacred (totemic) fish of the Gubbi Gubbi people. We never killed or ate the fish, and saw it as important to protect it. We call it “Dala” and for reasons associated with its important place in our culture, we were often referred to by other Aboriginal groups, as “the Dala” people. Our traditional land encompasses the Mary River basin and its catchments.

The Mary Cod is an important economic fish, but the Dala (lung fish) are not to be killed but protected from harm.
The lungfish’s longevity of life and occupancy of our waterways, is undoubtedly due in part, to its protection by our people over tens of thousands of years. We are still bound by this duty of care – the reason for my penning this document in an appeal for help for the survival of “Dala”.

Through the Integrated Planning Act (1997), now embodied in the South East Queensland Regional Plan (2005), the State government committed itself to “recognise, protect and conserve Aboriginal values in land, water and natural resources” (section 7.4). It also recognises the principle and policies to “conserve and manage the region’s biodiversity values” and “ensure land use planning and development activities “..respect identified biodiversity values” in order to “protect, manage and enhance areas of ..biodiversity significance: (section 2.1).

The proposed dam on the Mary River clearly violates the SEQ Regional Plan because the Mary-Burnett basin is known to be the only natural habitate of the Queensland Lungfish. It also ignores the Gubbi Gubbi cultural heritage values and the reverence we give to this creature.

Studies to date give sufficient reason to not dam the river, however, if further studies are undertaken for developments which involve use of water from the Mary River, the following should be given special attention:
Studies must involve fresh-water stream ecologists and other scientists using the most up-to-date technologies and methodologies. The issue is too critical to rely on outdated practices. (Data to date indicates that our lung fish transported to other catchments have not done well, so tranportation is not an answer).Its eggs are attached to specific aquatic plants during August to December. However, it is slow growing, taking 2 years to reach 1.2 cm. and 100 years to reach its maximum size of 1.5 m. The plants on which eggs are laid, should also be the subject of study and care. With its long life span, the fact that Dala fails to reproduce under altered conditions such as those caused by a dam will go unnoticed for years – but then it will be too late to rectify the mistakes we make today, which will destroy Dala forever.

Effects of dams on Queensland Lung Fish (“Dala” to the Gubbi Gubbi people):

• Dams prohibit the possibility of migration over the long distances they need during spawning
• Dala requires shallow, flowing riffles and glides amongst dense beds of submerged aquatic plants to lay its eggs – these do not exist within a dam.

Breeding cannot occur in the deep waters of a dam. There are many issues associated with the need for riffles, optimum water quality, and so on, but the bottom line is: Dala will become extinct if it cannot breed.”

By Eve Mumewa Doreen Fesl,OAM,CM,PhD (nee Evelyn Serico), Gubbi Gubbi Elder

Doublethink is when we hold two contradictory beliefs in our minds simultaneously and accept both of them. Doublethink has been described as a form of trained, willful blindness to contradictions.

I reckon it afflicts a good percent of academics, activists, politicians and bureaucrats who comment on the management of water, particularly, groundwater in the Murray Darling Basin.

They are on the one hand concerned that there is not enough water and will be even less as a consequence of global warming, but at the same time they worry about rising groundwater now and into the future.

Consider a recent report titled ‘Risks to the shared water resources of the Murray-Darling Basin’ written by the CSIRO and published by the Murray Darling Basin Commission, in particular the section titled ‘Groundwater Extraction’.

It begins by stating that “groundwater stores are declining at alarming rates and this may jeopardise its future use locally”. It goes on to explain different ways that groundwater extraction can lead to reduced stream flows including:

1. When the area of pumping is close enough to a river that the hydraulic gradient between the area of pumping and the stream can be increased or even reversed, such that water flows from the stream to the aquifer, and

2. Extraction of groundwater that would otherwise flow into the river at a downstream point.

Read on and there is reference to high levels of groundwater extraction in the Shepparton-Katunga region contributing to salinity mitigation. This is code for salt interception schemes are a form of groundwater extraction.

There have been quite a few salt interceptions schemes built along the Murray River since 1982 to reduce river salinity levels and they appear to have been very successful at reducing river salinity levels. For example, levels at the key site of Morgan — which is just upstream from the offshoots for Adelaide’s water supply– have halved over the last 20 years.

The recent special federal government budget allocation of $500 million is for more salt interception schemes.

But hang-on, how much lower do we want to push Murray River salt levels and what is the tradeoff in terms of lost groundwater?

The section of the CSIRO report on ‘Groundwater Extraction’ then concludes with the comment that, “Clearing of native vegetation and irrigation has lead to raised water levels in many parts of the Basin, forcing saline groundwater out into the streams”.

No.

Where this was an issue we have constructed salt interception schemes and, across most of the Basin the problem is now falling, not rising groundwater levels.

Indeed groundwater levels in the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Coleambally irrigation areas — the regions considered most at risk of rising groundwater in eastern Australia — have generally fallen in the past decade.

They were rising in the 1970s but started falling by the late 1990s.

In 2004, the CSIRO provided me with the following reasons for the general fall in groundwater levels: improved land and water management practices; relatively dry climate over the past ten years and increased deeper groundwater pumping and higher induced leakage from shallow to deeper aquifers.

At what point will there be a realization that river salinity and rising groundwater are no longer key issues, the real issue is disappearing groundwater and it is likely to be exacerbated by the next salt interception scheme?