Jennifer Marohasy

a forum for the discussion of issues concerning the natural environment

Archives for September 2020

My Second Short Film: Under the Sea at the Ribbon Reefs

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During the bushfires that devastated so much of southeast Australia, before the pandemic that stopped all the travel, I had the opportunity to spend a whole week on a boat traversing the northeast edge of Australia’s continental shelf – about 60 kms from the mainland. We dived the Ribbon reefs which grow as underwater cliff faces along the continental shelf. They are the true barrier reefs defining the outside edge of the Great Barrier Reef.

There are ten Ribbon reefs, the most northern is called #10 and just beyond it is the Cod Hole, where I got to swim with that gentle giant of a cod fish.

The waters were so warm, the corals so colourful, and the fish not at all frightened of me. In fact, as you will see in our short film – what I am calling the ‘official preview’ for a planned longer documentary – a giant cod fish looked me in the eye, and more than once! He came back to me, again and again. We swam together. It was magical.

Our short preview film has just been uploaded to a new page at the Institute of Public Affairs’ website:

ipa.org.au/GreatBarrierReef

For me, the Ribbons at the Great Barrier Reef, are the most special and awe-inspiring place on this planet. I was so privileged to dive them with Emmy Award winning underwater photographer Clint Hempsall in January 2020.

The cinematography by Clint, is so special and you can enjoy it all in our official preview for ‘Clowns at the Ribbon’s Edge’! It will only take 12 minutes of your time. Come under-the-sea with me and meet the cod. The short film has been set to music all composed by a local hero and Noosa guitarist Mungo Coats.

This is not the same potato cod that looked me in the eye. This cod was photographed at a dive site known as Lighthouse bommie.

Corals come in so many different colours and intricate forms. It is the hard corals that create reefs, and reefs are spectacular, beautiful structures. They are home to so many different creatures not just giant fish, but also sea anemones, sharks and sea snakes. The Great Barrier Reef as one ecosystem, comprises nearly 3000 individual reefs stretching for 2000 kilometres. It is visible from outer space. Damaged areas can always be found somewhere because a coral reef that is mature and spectacular today, may be smashed by a cyclone tomorrow.

Just beyond the sheltered side of Ribbon No. 10 is the dive site known as Goggle Gardens. The corals there are at 15 metres and were totally bleached white from March to October 2016. But they didn’t die. What I learnt at the Ribbons in January is that white and bleached coral is not necessarily dead coral.

The zooxanthellae — unicellular algae that give coral its colours and normally feeds it with energy from the sun via photosynthesis — were expelled in early 2016 as these corals bleached, as the corals were stressed by the exceptionally warm waters during the summer of 2015 – 2016. But by January 2020, when we visited, these corals had fully recovered.

Many of the media headlines that give the impression the Great Barrier Reef is a ruin are based on aerial surveys by one man – the same Terry Hughes who incorrectly claimed the inshore reefs off-Bowen are now mud-flat. Paid not by an oil company, but rather the long suffering Australian taxpayer through generous research grants, he gets to sit in a light aircraft and fly over the Ribbons at about 300 metres altitude every four years and determine they are badly bleached. Back in 2016, he claimed 60 percent bleached, and the impression from the newspaper headlines that ricocheted around the world was that this was irretrievable, that the Great Barrier Reef was ruined.

Hughes is a myth maker. The Great Barrier Reef is still beautiful and the Ribbons on its most northeast edge are still of colourful corals and curious fish.

I went to the Ribbons because I was told these had been badly bleached. I went in search of death, but instead we found so much life as I explain in my second short film, the official preview to what will be ‘Clowns on the Ribbon’s Edge’.

My work is funded through philanthropy. I am grateful for the continued support of the B. Macfie Family Foundation through the Institute of Public Affairs. We do not rely on the long-suffering Australian tax payer for any of our research.

Much of the coral at the Ribbons is growing down the cliff faces and would be very difficult to see from 300 metres up out the window of a light aircraft.

Roaring in Defiance, with Helen Reddy, Craig Kelly and Zoe Buhler

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Originally from Melbourne, musician Helen Reddy wrote such an inspiring song about women ‘in numbers too big to ignore’ back in 1971. That was when my mother was telling me ‘It’s a man’s world’, while at the same time providing me with every opportunity to succeed.

I am woman, hear me roar
In numbers too big to ignore
And I know too much to go back an’ pretend
‘Cause I’ve heard it all before
And I’ve been down there on the floor
No one’s ever gonna keep me down again
Oh yes, I am wise
But it’s wisdom born of pain

Just two days ago my friend Craig Kelly MP put these inspiring words to images of women being accosted and arrested by Victorian police. Some may claim it inappropriate for a man to be claiming a woman’s song … but Craig Kelly doesn’t see gender or colour in the issues confronting ordinary Victorians right now. Craig Kelly sees injustice and he has reached for a song and images full of emotion that show defiance.

There is a need, at this point in our shared history, for more defiance.

Meanwhile the Australian Communications Media Authority (ACMA), the very institution here in Australia that should be protecting free speech, is calling for Craig Kelly’s Facebook posts to be censored … to be removed.

In defiance, I urge you to become a fan at: https://www.facebook.com/CraigKellyMP/ .

There is power in numbers, and there can also be power in one. Craig Kelly used to chat with me about the fraud that is the Renewable Energy Target (RET), then he turned the tables on Malcolm Turnbull, resulting in Turnbull’s downfall as Prime Minister as I’ve explained previously.

A key complaint from various elites has been Craig Kelly’s criticism of government bureaucrats that in his view have interfered in the sanctity of the doctor – patient relationship, which has resulted in hydroxy-chloroquine being withheld from Australians to treat Covid.

There has certainly been a vicious campaign against this drug by those who have much to gain financially from alternatives, including from the development and mandating of a Covid vaccine. Most surprisingly, the same week Craig Kelly was explaining how the Oxford University trial into hydroxy-chloroquine inexplicably and inappropriately administered a grossly excessive, toxic and potentially lethal over-dose to almost 1,500 people in their trial (and wondered why many started to die), our government was announcing money for the ‘Oxford vaccine’.

My mother had me vaccinated, and I ensured my daughter was vaccinated, but let me roar right here and now: I shall never willingly be vaccinated with a brew concocted by Oxford university professors who either knowingly or unwittingly administered a toxic over-dose of hydroxycholoroquine to naive participants at hundreds of British hospitals just a few months ago.

And let me also roar my support again for all the women in Victoria, who like Zoe Buhler, have taken a stand for freedom and against tyranny. Just today my friend Andrew Cooper started a fundraising appeal for Zoe. She is going to need about $300,000 to fund her legal defence, you can donate here:
https://give.libertyworks.org.au/free-zoe-buhler

Yes, I’ve paid the price
But look how much I gained
If I have to, I can do anything
I am strong
(Strong)
I am invincible
(Invincible)
I am woman

You can bend but never break me
‘Cause it only serves to make me
More determined to achieve my final goal
And I come back even stronger
Not a novice any longer
‘Cause you’ve deepened the conviction in my soul

Thank you Craig Kelly for the reminder that we can all be strong, that we can grow in convection from adversity … that it can make us even more determined.

*******

The feature image at the top of this blog post is of three young women paddling against the tide/defying the surf at my local beach late this afternoon. It is not easy getting a board out in the cold in the late afternoon beyond the breakers … but they made it look easy. We can all practice, and get stronger, in our own way and in our own time.

And about Oxford University and Hydroxy-chloroquine some notes:

The UK study into the effects of hydroxy-chloroquine (HCQ) known as The Recovery trial (sponsored by Bill Gates and others) has been much reported in the popular press with claims that HCQ doesn’t work and is dangerous. In this study, 1561 patients were randomly allocated to receive hydroxy-chloroquine and of these 418 (26.8%) died within 28 days.

A further 3155 patients were concurrently allocated to ‘usual care’ (without HCQ) and 788 (25.0%) died within 28 days.

The anti-hydroxy-chloroquine crowd claim this is game, set and match. Donald Trump was wrong and irresponsible.

The first thing to note, however, is that this study looked at late stage patients (average of 9 days post symptoms) that were already very sick. Secondly, the study didn’t include giving patients zinc in combination with HCQ.

Doctors that claim success with HCQ all say the treatment must start virtually immediately after infection and must include Zinc. So, this would suggest The Recovery study is of limited value for evaluating the true efficacy of HQC.

But it actually gets worse.

In the Recovery study, those receiving HCQ were loaded up with a massive dose of 2400 mg of HCQ in the first 24 hours.

They were given 800 mg (4 x tablets) to start with, followed by another 800mg (4 x tablets) six hours later, then another 400 mg (2 x tablets) six hours after that, followed by another 400 mg (2 x tablets) 12 hours later. That’s a total of 2400 mg in the first 24 hours – and then another 400 mg every 12 hours for the next 9 days (unless they died earlier).

In comparison to this treatment 2400 mg in the first day, followed by 800 mg, for the next nine days, was Dr Zelenko’s highly successful treatment with HCQ that used just 2 x tablets twice a today – total 400 mg per day for 5 days.

How could anyone administer such an excessive and toxic amount of HCQ to over 1500 very sick patients?

The France Soir newspaper interviewed one of the principal researchers of the Oxford RECOVERY trials, Martin Landray.

Soir asked the question, ‘How did you decide on the (2400 mg) dosage of hydroxychloroquine?’

The answer by Landray was,’The doses were chosen on the basis of pharmacokinetic modelling and these are in line with the sort of doses that you used for other diseases such as amoebic dysentery.’

The newspaper asked, ‘Are there any maximum dosage for HCQ in the UK?’
Landray replied, ‘I would have to check but it is much larger than the 2400mg, something like six or 10 times that … the HCQ dosage used are not dissimilar to that used, as I said, in for example amoebic dysentery.’

The French newspaper then interviewed Doctor Christian Perronne, a Professor of Infectious and Tropical Diseases at the Faculty of Medicine Paris-Ile de France-Ouest, who told them, ‘It is indeed the first time that I learn that we use hydroxychloroquine in amoebic dysentery, in addition to the dose being super-toxic for humans.’

‘The classic treatment for colonic amoebiasis is based on a combination of hydroxyquinolines, tiliquinol and tilbroquinol, whose trade name is Intetrix.’

‘I think they confused hydroxychloroquine with hydroxyquinolines.’

‘If my assumption is correct, it is incompetence. Most serious is the use of a huge, potentially fatal, dose,’ added Professor Perronne.

So, the possibility is, that the excessive, toxic (and potentially fatal) dose that they administered (which coincided with such a high rate of deaths) may have resulted from a mix up in the names of different drugs, by confusing hydroxychloroquine with hydroxyquinolines.

And as a result of this confusion, this likely caused the RECOVERY trial to report an excessively high death rate from HCQ, and this is then used as propaganda by the anti-HCQ crowd to demonise the drug, (which in turn is used to claim Donald Trump was wrong) and then an excuse to prevent it being given to others – when it could save their lives.

Ends.

Sea Level Fall, Accurately Reported in Local Noosa News

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So much thanks to Peter Gardiner of the local Noosa News for so accurately reporting on Senator Malcolm Robert’s visit to Noosa National Park this morning in the article now available online: Scientists, Senator Claim Noosa’s Sea Level is Falling. It begins:

Noosa’s climate emergency declaration could well be on the rocks if a One Nation senator and his scientific advisers are right.

Sen Malcolm Roberts and two scientists, locally-based Dr Jennifer Marohasy and Dr Peter Ridd, have inspected Noosa National Park’s Boiling Pot headland and declared there are clear signs there the sea levels have fallen over many years, with only small rises in more recent times.

“With climate change you often have cycles within cycles,” Dr Marohasy said.
“We’ve got a rise of 36cm over the last 100 years, that’s what the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) talks about.

“That needs to be placed in the perspective of that over the last four-and-a-half thousand years the longer, more significant cycle that you can see in the landscape here is one of sea level falls of about 1.5m,” she said.

She said the IPCC has been selective in its data use, while linking the latter rise to the Industrial Revolution.

“There is a little bit of a human effect but maybe in the scheme of things it’s really quite insignificant,” Dr Marohasy said.

“When you walk along the shoreline here at Noosa you can see, for example, at the bottom of the cliff face that would have been eroded by the waves, that’s actually way above where the waves ever come to.

Jen, Malcolm and Peter Ridd at the bottom of the cliff face (below Boiling Pot lookout) this morning.

Such cliff faces are formed where the cutting action of waves brings down great lumps of rock from above. The debris is then removed by the wash, and the headland recedes landward as the sea eats into the cliff face creating what are called wave cut notches.

That the waves, even on the very highest tides, don’t reach the bottom of the cliff face is evidenced that the more significant trend is one of sea level fall.

Can you see us, on the cliff face this morning … humankind is really so punny in the scheme of things.

Malcolm Roberts and Peter Ridd spent a good amount of time walking the shoreline with me this morning. Ever interested in water quality, I did notice Peter Ridd tasting the water in the marine pot holes to check whether they were fresh, brackish or salty.

Jen, Malcolm and Peter about a marine pothole at Tea Tree Bay this morning. Potholes are formed by the relentless grinding of harder rocks caught in a depression in softer sandstone. Pounding surf causes the harder rock to swirl round and round, grinding around and also down. The grinding that created the potholes at Tea Tree Bay could only have happened when sea levels were higher, when this platform was between the high and low water mark. For as long as I have visited this bay, it is only the highest tides that splash some water into the marine potholes. Last December they were full of freshwater and breeding tadpoles of the green tree frog.

Peter Gardiner did include comment in the article that:

According to the Department of Environment coastal areas like Noosa are facing a sea level rise of 1.1 metres by 2100. More than an estimated 2200 Noosa properties could be impacted by sea rises and storm flooding.

Part of council’s policy is to adopt a precautionary approach to climate change adaptation and emissions reduction, while implementing short and long-term actions that seek to achieve resilience and carbon reduction.

Climate models – the results of which are compiled and assessed by the IPCC – forecast that one of the consequences of global warming from greenhouse gases will be rising sea levels due to the thermal expansion of the ocean water mass, plus the contribution of water from melting of ice sheets and glaciers residing on land.

In 2013, the IPCC concluded that the oceans had already risen 19 cm (17 to 21 cm) between 1901 and 2010, which is an annual rate of 1.7 mm/year (1.5 to 1.9 mm/year). They further predicted the oceans will rise approximately an additional 51 to 98 cm with a substantially accelerated rate of increase during 2081–2100 of 8 to 16 mm/year. There are a few things, however, that are almost never pointed out in discussions about climate change and sea-level rise. For example, the estimates of past and current global rates of sea-level rise, and the future projections, are calculated constructs that are largely the product of extremely complex computer models. We are being asked to simply trust them. However, the success of this modelling is dependent on chains of assumptions. If one assumption turns out to be incorrect then the results produced by the models could be wrong. This applies equally to estimates of past and present rates of global sea-level rise, as well as to future projections. They are hypothetical. Yet these calculated values are broadcast widely with such a sense of confidence that a false impression is created.

None of the global estimates derived from models correspond to directly observed and measurable sea-level change at any point on the open sea, or along any coastline.

Jen, Malcolm and Peter above the cliff face, at Boiling Pot lookout just this morning.

Senator Malcolm Roberts is so hard working, and completely fearless … and I thank him for taking the time to visit with me in Noosa this morning and also for helping Peter Ridd with his fundraising. You can donate to Peter Ridd’s appeal here: https://au.gofundme.com/f/peter-ridd-legal-action-fund-2019.

Speaking Out, for Zoe Lee

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First they came for the Socialists,
and I did not speak out
Because I was not a Socialist.
Then they came for the Trade Unionists,
and I did not speak out
Because I was not a Trade Unionist.
Then they came for the Jews,
and I did not speak out
Because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for me
and there was no one left
to speak for me.

by Martin Niemoller

This video ends when the Victorian police officer took the phone which was recording live on Facebook. The arrest and search warrant apparently gave the police the right to confiscate all electronic devices in that home, including that mobile phone.

For more context, you can read the article online at The Australian newspaper by Janet Albrechtsen, it begins:

The state of Victoria is unfathomable. The duly elected leader, a Labor Premier, has armed police with brute powers to enter and search the Ballarat home of a young pregnant woman, her partner and children, arrest and handcuff her and seize all phones and laptops, regardless of who owns them.

Why? Here’s the fascist part.

Twenty-eight-year-old Zoe Buhler posted about “Freedom Day Ballarat” on Facebook. She wrote this: “PEACEFUL PROTEST! All social distancing measures are to be followed so we don’t get arrested please. Please wear a mask unless you have a medical reason not to. As some of you have seen, the government has gone to extreme measures and are using scare tactics through the media to prevent the Melbourne protests.

I’m speaking out, including through this weblog that is usually reserved for my natural history.

I worked out how to download the video from Facebook, and upload to a new Vimeo channel that I’ve just setup through Climate Lab. You are most welcome to share.

****

The image at the top of this blog post is of course about a character in George Orwell’s novel called ‘Animal Farm’. And I copied the image from here: https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/animal-farm/boxer-horse

Sea Levels Falling, with Ridd and Roberts

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WE live at a time of so much misinformation and propaganda. What should we believe about global warming and sea level change: various claims, or what we can actually see in nature?

On Monday 7th September, I plan to show Dr Peter Ridd and Senator Malcolm Roberts evidence of a long-term trend of sea-level fall, which is etched in the shoreline at Noosa National Park.

I don’t mean that I am taking them out there in the afternoon when sea levels will fall by almost one metre over just a few hours because of the gravitational force of the moon. Rather I am referring to evidence for sea level fall over the last few thousand years, and some.

While there is much hype about a claimed 36-centimetre rise in sea level over the last 100 years, the longer-term, and more significant, trend is one of falling sea levels since at least the Holocene High Stand, and by more than 150 centimetres. Of course, sea levels were 12,000 centimetres (120 metres) lower just 16,000 years ago during the depths of the last ice age. During the time of the dinosaur’s – sea levels were more than 10,000 centimetres higher (100 metres) than they are now. Sea levels are always changing – on daily and also millennial time scales.

THE CLIFF FACE

There is a cliff face immediately below the Boiling Pot Lookout, which is just beyond the main car park at the official entrance to Noosa National Park. Below the lookout, to the south, there is a wave-cut platform. A group of us went and stood on it during the highest astronomical sea tide this year, which was on Monday 10th February, and the waves did not get to the base of the cliff face – we weren’t washed away!

The cliff face below the Boiling Pot lookout, as photographed by my drone showing the wave cut notch.

Such cliff faces are formed where the cutting action of waves brings down great lumps of rock from above. The debris is then removed by the wash, and the headland recedes landward as the sea eats into the cliff face creating what are called wave cut notches.

That this platform, and the notch, is above the highest tides is evidence that the longer-term trend is one of sea level’s falling, not rising. If sea levels were rising, we would have been washed away when we stood on that platform at the time of the highest tide, particularly given that morning was coincided with an offshore low that further elevated sea levels.

MARINE POTHOLES

Tea Tree Bay, just a bit further along the path into Noosa National Park, has interesting wave cut platforms of sandstone, with abrasions called marine potholes. Potholes are generally thought to be formed by the relentless grinding of harder rock – perhaps granite – caught in a depression in softer sandstone. Pounding surf causes the harder rock to swirl round and round, grinding around and also down.

The grinding that created the potholes at Tea Tree Bay could only have happened when sea levels were higher, when this platform was between the high and low water mark. For as long as I have visited this bay, it is only the highest tides that splash some water into the marine potholes. Last December they were full of freshwater and breeding tadpoles of the green tree frog.

This is further evidence that sea levels have fallen. But since when?

HOW OLD ARE THE MARINE POTHOLES AT TEATREE BAY

I received an email from a British geologist not so long ago, he wrote:

That is a really interesting photo of a wave-cut platform on your blog …

Drone view of Jen sitting beside a marine pothole at Tea Tree Bay, Noosa National Park

Some comments and questions:
1. It is a wave-cut platform – Fully agree, but is it bedding plane controlled?
2. It is a pot hole – Fully agree, but is it an exhumed pre-existing feature?

The thing that really catches my eye is the fracture pattern that goes around the ring of the pothole.

What is the geological age and nature of the sedimentary rock?

The fracture patterns are polygonal which suggests a fine-grained colloidal mudstone.

The fractures around the ring also imply the existence of a pre-existing body, possibly a fossilised tree trunk or if the rock is pre-carboniferous in age a stromatolite?

The pothole will therefore have exhumed this fossil sediment which we can assume had a different sedimentary infill.

Note the pattern of dimples round the pothole which, if this is a Jurassic age sediment could be due to the presence of roots of Taxodium sp.

Taxodium sp. tree with aerial roots, purchased as Image ID: 1128480158 from Shutterstock

So, the almost perfectly circular pothole was perhaps once a fossilised tree trunk, and it may date to the time of the dinosaurs!

GRANITE BAY & HELL’S GATES

There is a sign at Hell’s Gates, right at the end of that path through Noosa National Park, that explains the sandstones in the national park date to about (if I remember correctly the sign says, I can check on Monday) 120 million years ago.

I know that the dolorite rock intrusion to the north of Granite Bay, on the way to Hell’s Gates, has been dated to 145 million years. And the general consensus, including at Wikipedia, is that sea levels were a lot higher back then.

Really the only constant in life is change, along with sea levels!

Another drone shot, looking north from Granite Bay in Noosa National Park.

TIME SCALES

Some may claim that 145 million years ago is not a relevant time scale. So, when should history begin? I have been visiting Noosa since I was about ten years old, and now I live here. I’ve been looking for evidence of sea level rise for as long as I can remember, and I haven’t been able to see any: that is over the last 47 years.

There is a Sonel.org GPS reference station at Bundaberg (just to the north of Noosa) and Brisbane (just to the south). These indicate that there has been some land subsidence at a rate of -0.8mm/year and -1.8mm/year, respectively.

I’m guessing this is soil subsidence rather than crustal bedrock subsidence, but I’m happy to be corrected. Either way if there is such subsidence also occurring at Noosa, this reinforces my point that sea levels in the relatively recent past must have been higher to create the potholes at Tea Tree Bay and the wave-cut notch below Boiling Point.

This old photograph shows Jen at Noosa all the way back in 1973, and holding the tail of a Spanish Mackeral. While there is not much evidence of sea level rise, there is some evidence of overfishing. Our community here in Noosa can be so selective in what it chooses to see and discuss. Most people will not accept what is so obvious in the shore line, that there is no evidence for catastrophic sea level rise. If as a community we are to be more relevant to nature and the present, let’s be as interested in the recreational and commercial fishing catch, as atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and sea level change?

OTHER INFORMATION AT THIS WEBSITE/BLOG

Pictures and commentary about the highest astronomical tide this year, and showing that the waves didn’t get to the base of the cliff face can be found here: https://jennifermarohasy.com.dev.internet-thinking.com.au/sea-level-change/ with map.

About sea level change and the marine potholes: https://jennifermarohasy.com.dev.internet-thinking.com.au/2019/12/what-can-you-see-indicating-sea-levels-are-rising/

About sea level changing with El Ninos and at Darwin:
https://jennifermarohasy.com.dev.internet-thinking.com.au/2019/07/sea-level-fall-at-the-great-barrier-reef/

Blog post with some good questions and more photographs here: https://jennifermarohasy.com.dev.internet-thinking.com.au/2019/07/recent-sea-level-fall-since-when/

Considering the coastline in these pictures taken from my drone:
1. When are the sandstone platforms likely to have been cut by the waves?
2. Would the rock platform with the potholes have been cut during the last inter-glacial period from perhaps 140,000 to 120,000 years ago, or much earlier?

I understand that sea levels were about 2 metres higher 120,000 years ago, and about 1.5 metres higher 6,000 years ago. According to Warwick Willmott’s book entitled ‘Rocks and Landscapes of the Sunshine Coast’ the headlands of Noosa, Coolum and Point Cartwright were islands during the last inter-glacial. In between this last-interglacial and the beginning of the Holocene (some 11,600 years ago) we had a fall in sea levels of about 150 metres along the Sunshine Coast – I’m quoting again from Warwick Willmott.

THE PEER-REVIEWED TECHNICAL LITERATURE

Howard Brady sent me a list of peer-reviewed articles some time ago, with a note:

“There is evidence of a gradual fall (not rise) from a high sea level stand between 8000 and 2000 years BP [before present]. Such evidence comes from an increasing number of peer-reviewed articles describing evidence of this high sea level stand and its decline along the coasts of Australia, South Africa, South America, South Korea, and Vietnam.
There is increasing evidence that such a wide occurrence of a high sea level stand, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, cannot be interpreted as due to crustal movements (Glacial Isostatic Adjustments -GIAs) in different continents at the same time as these areas did not experience any significant glacial or ice crustal loading during the last ice age advances.

Basically, there is now so much data on this fall in sea level from a high-level stand that the GIAs quoted by Dutton and Lambeck (2012) should be abandoned. A few references to peer reviewed articles describing a high sea level stand in the HTM and the fall in sea-level from 8000 -2000 BP are listed below. There is no justification for any glacio-eustatic uplift since 8000 BP that stopped (for some unknown reason about 2000 BP) in regions that did not experience any ice loading during the last glaciation.

A LIST OF RELEVANT TECHNICAL PAPERS – NOT FORMATTED

Accordi, A, Carbone, F, 2016. Evolution of the siliciclastic-carbonate shelf system of the northern Kenyan coastal belt in response to Late Pleistocene-Holocene relative sea level changes. Journal of African Earth Sciences. Volume 123, November 2016, Pages 234-257
Baker, R.G.V., Haworth, R.J; 2000. Smooth or oscillating late Holocene sea-level curve? Evidence from the palaeo-zoology of fixed biological indicators in east Australia and beyond. Marine Geology Volume 163, Pages 367-386.
Baker, R.G.V., Haworth,R.J., Flood,P.G; 2001. Warmer or Cooler late Holocene palaeoenvironments? Interpreting south-east Australian and Brazilian sea level changes using fixed biological indicators and their d18 Oxygen composition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Volume 168, Pages 249-272.
Baker,R.G.V., Haworth,R.J., Flood,P.G; 2001. Inter-tidal fixed indicators of former Holocene sea levels in Australia; a summary of sites and a review of methods and models. Quaternary International Volume 83-85, Pages 257-273.
Baker,R.G.V., Haworth,R.J., Flood,P.G; 2005.An Oscillating Holocene Sea-level? Revisiting Rottnest Island, Western Australia, and the Fairbridge Eustatic Hypothesis. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue no.42.
Bracco,B. et al; 2014. A reply to “Relative sea level during the Holocene in Uruguay. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.Volume 401.
Bradley, S, Milne,G, Horton,B, Zong,Y 2016. Modelling sea level data from China and Malay-Thailand to estimate Holocene ice-volume equivalent sea level change. Quaternary Science Reviews Volume 137, Pages 54-68
Chiba,T et al;, 2016. Reconstruction of Holocene relative sea-level change and residual uplift in the Lake Inba area, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, PalaeoecologyVolume 441, Part 4, Pages 982-996
Clement, A, Whitehouse,P, Sloss, S 2015. An examination of spatial variability in the timing and magnitude of Holocene relative sea-level changes in the New Zealand archipelago. Quaternary Science Reviews. Volume 131, Part A. January 2016, Pages 73-101
Haworth,R.J., Baker,R.G.V., Flood,P.G; 2001. Predicted and observed Holocene sea-levels on the Australian coast: what do they indicate about hydrostatic models in far field sites? Journal of Quaternary Research Volume 17, Pages 5-6.
Lee, S., Currell. M, Cendon, D. 2015. Marine water from mid-Holocene sea level highstand trapped in a coastal aquifer: Evidence from groundwater isotopes, and environmental significance. Science of The Total Environment. Volume 544. February 2016, Pages 995-1007
Oliver and Terry, 2019. Relative sea-level highstands in Thailand since theMid-Holocene based on 14C rock oyster chronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,Volume 517. Pages 30-38
Prieto, A. Peltier, W. 2016. Relative sea-level changes in the Rio de la Plata, Argentina and Uruguay: A review. Quaternary International.
Sloss, C. R. 2005. Holocene sea-level change and the amino-stratigraphy of wave-dominated barrier estuaries on the southeast coast of Australia, PhD thesis, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 20. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/447.
Sloss C.R, Murray-Wallace C.V, Jones B.G, 2007. Holocene sea-level change on the southeast coast of Australia: a review. The Holocene 17, 7. 999-1014.
Strachan K, et al, 2014. A late Holocene sea-level curve for the east coast of South Africa. S. Afr. j. sci. vol.110 n.1-2