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Archives for June 2008

More Good News on Rising Food and Fertiliser Prices: Ian Mott

June 6, 2008 By Ian Mott

Further to my recent article on how rising food prices will be good news for rural communities all over the world, The Land newspaper has carried an interesting report on how rising energy and fertiliser costs (Nitrogen is now $1000/tonne) have restored and reinforced the economics of growing nitrogen fixing cover crops in fallow rotation.

Cotton farmers routinely add 200kg of nitrogen/ hectare but the growing and ploughing-in of Vetch in rotation has been found to add 140kg in a more balanced application that is safer for the following cotton crop in dry times. It substantially reduces cash outflows, leaving the synthetic form of this fertiliser as an ‘opportunity outlay’ to boost production in a good year. It seems the humble Fava Bean is almost as good for this purpose, with the advantage of producing a cash crop as well.

The implications of this, not just for farmers in less developed nations, is that they have the means to boost production in response to higher world food prices without placing additional demands on world oil/fertiliser supplies. In poorer countries the input cost is no more than the price of seeds and the farm family’s own labour.

Regards
Ian Mott

Filed Under: Opinion Tagged With: Food & Farming

Evidence for Increasing Negative Deviation of Southern Ocean and Antarctic Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels from Global Average: Steve Short

June 4, 2008 By jennifer

As part of an ongoing study I have computed monthly deviations between CO2 level at each of the seven southern stations lying from 40 deg S to the Pole obtained from the NOAA record of monthly averages for ALL Southern Hemisphere stations and the NOAA (monthly) average global CO2 levels for the period 1982 through 2006.

I then computed the average annual deviations for all southern stations from the global annual mean CO2 levels. Note I used strictly ONLY complete year records for each station and dumped any year if it had missed a single month or more.

The outcomes are in the plot below. Error bars are ± one sigma as usual.

Steve Short_C02  Deviations blog.gif

Please note the 2nd inflection around 1998 when global temperatures were last maximal – slight cooling or plateau since then.

Northern Hemisphere CO2 levels undoubtedly continued to climb monotonically on an annual scale over the period 1982 – 2006 and we can reasonably presume was accompanied by no significant attendant global warming since about 2000.

However, it appears that after a hiatus in the 1990s, Southern Ocean and Antarctic CO2 levels have continued to deviate increasingly, in the negative sense, in relation to the global CO2 average (dominated by data from Northern Hemisphere and Tropical Zone monitoring stations).

In my view, this southern offset from the global average CO2 level should be getting smaller, not larger, worldwide due to increasing global circulation to be in accord with present GCM theory.

Zones of blooming cyanobacteria directly back-scatter solar radiation due to calcite-producing coccolithophores, which are found everywhere but especially in subpolar regions (Coccolithus pelagicus), thereby decreasing ocean heat retention and cool the overall water column (Hansen et al. 1997; Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004).

By shading the deeper waters and trapping energy near the surface where it can escape to the atmosphere, it is suggested this cyanobacterial ‘canopy’ decreases heat input to the deep ocean.

Cyanobacteria also produce the sulfur compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate, which decomposes in sea water into dimethylsulfide, diffuses into the atmosphere, and is oxidized, leading to acidic aerosols that function as efficient cloud condensation nuclei. In areas where cloud condensation nuclei are scarce, this could increase planetary albedo by creating more and brighter clouds of greater longevity.

It is speculated that cyanobacteria in the Great Southern Ocean entered a phase of higher blooming rates in the early part of the millennium, thereby consuming CO2, increasing oceanic albedo and cloud cover (via dimethylsulfide emissions) and likely significantly cooling the southern hemisphere.

This ‘effect’ (if such is what it is) is found directly by deconvolution of the official NOAA CO2 data record, and doesn’t appear to have anything to do (that I can think of) with solar cycles etcetera.

Please note this information is preliminary and currently subject to discussion, checking and related computation by myself and several colleagues during preparation of a paper to be submitted most likely to Geophysical Research Letters. In the mean time, may I request that this new finding be fairly attributed to myself in this blog AND to Short et al. (in preparation) ‘Evidence for Increasing Negative Deviation of Southern Ocean and Antarctic Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels from Global Average’ cited elsewhere.

References:
Hansen, J., Sato, M. & Ruedy, R. (1997) J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6831–6864.
Hansen, J. & Nazarenko, L. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 423–428.

Regards
Dr Steve Short
Director
Ecoengineers Pty Ltd
www.ecoengineers.com

Filed Under: Uncategorized Tagged With: Climate & Climate Change

Higher Petrol and Electricity Price for Australia, And No Nuclear: Dennis Jensen

June 4, 2008 By jennifer

“It is interesting that Labor, during the election campaign, had lots of talk about plans for the future, but the reality, as delivered by the budget, shows a lack of vision and a lack of strategic planning or coherent direction. Before the election, the then Leader of the Opposition kept telling us that he had a plan for this and he had a plan for that. In reality, his only plan was to become Prime Minister.

Let us have a look at some of the issues that have a lot of unintended consequences—for instance, the removal of the condensate exemption, which will result in a net gain of revenue of $2.43 billion but will significantly damage the international competitiveness of the resources industry. The government have also decided to reintroduce the CPI increase on the diesel excise levy. Obviously, this will result in increased costs of transport, and this is inflationary. Increased costs to mining also reduce productivity, and hence the tax take. And increased costs to agriculture are inflationary and threaten farmers’ livelihoods.

There is the so-called alcopops tax—increasing the tax on alcopops, theoretically to reduce binge drinking. But
binge drinking has actually reduced over the last five or so years with the target audience of young women, and
projections by Treasury show a four per cent reduction in ready-to-drinks compared with before the increased tax.
HBF’s Western Australian data show that ready-to-drinks comprise only three per cent of what 18- to 21-year-olds
are drinking, compared with 51 per cent for spirits. Those over 30 consume ready-to-drinks at greater percentages
than those in the 18 to 21 group. This shows that Labor are completely illiterate regarding statistics—and perhaps
that is why they have cut the ABS budget. Of importance is reducing the overall alcohol consumption in binge
drinking situations, not just ready-to-drinks, where substitution of other forms of alcohol is already happening. In
summary, looking at a massive tax increase on ready-to-drinks is supposed to decrease use of a product that only
three per cent of the target group use, and that reduction is only by four per cent. This is two-thirds of stuff-all, I would suggest.

Then there is the area of science, a discipline that is critical to Australia’s advancement. Scientific research is vital in the development of solutions to many problems, as well as pure research. So what do the Labor government
do? They cut CSIRO’s budget so significantly that CSIRO will shed 100 jobs and four divisions. What a travesty; what hypocrisy! And that is before we even get to cuts to ANSTO—probably purely based on political antinuclear ideology. The government has also slashed the Commercial Ready program, which, in the past, funded
clinical trials for cancer treatments and the high-risk biotech sector. So much for R&D! On 1 November 2000 and
in February 2007, the current Prime Minister extolled the virtue of research and development, especially in universities, and feigned outrage at the policies of the coalition. This man has now slashed CSIRO funding. Fine
words; black deeds.

Then, worst of all, in the areas of energy and the environment, the government is shown to be clueless hypocrites.

We had Peter Garrett decrying the coalition government’s environment policy when in opposition. On an almost weekly basis he complained about our policy for solar power generation, stating that we had been world leaders in solar technology, particularly photovoltaics, but were no longer so. Now Labor is in government, and it is instructive to compare rhetoric with action. Far from delivering a policy to enhance the photovoltaic industry,
the Rudd Labor government has introduced a policy that is likely to kill the entire industry in Australia. The Rudd government has introduced a budget measure that will dissuade essentially the only people who will be able to afford solar panels on the roof—those earning over $100,000—from doing so by cutting the solar rebate. That is grubby Labor politics of envy winning out over good policy, I would suggest.

Look at Labor rhetoric on carbon dioxide emissions and contrast that with their actions. State Labor governments
in New South Wales and Western Australia have decided to build new coal-fired power stations. What happened to gas, never mind renewables or—God forbid, in the eyes of some Labor and particularly Greens members— nuclear power? This seems to be a pattern: a lot of whingeing about problems when in opposition but nary a solution when in government. Labor’s spin puts youths with hotted-up cars doing burnouts to shame. We have
news, however, of a new baseload gas-fired power station in New South Wales which effectively puts the carbon cost at two cents per kilowatt hour for coal-fired power stations. This will make electricity prices far more expensive and makes nuclear power extremely cost-competitive. Think what this carbon price will do to petrol prices.

The Labor Party, the party that promised in an election campaign to put maximum downward pressure on petrol prices, will be slugging hard-pressed motorists with far higher petrol prices. We put downward pressure on petrol
prices. Indeed, the proportion of tax take from fuel has gone down from 6.6 per cent to 4.8 per cent in the last six
years. That is real downward pressure. Perhaps the media and others have misunderstood the Labor catchphrase.

Perhaps when Labor were saying ‘working families’ they were actually saying ‘walking families’ to prepare Australia for this very crisis. This will no doubt be explained away as a measure to solve another crisis that Labor will no doubt bring forward when they are next under pressure: the obesity epidemic. Not being able to afford petrol will clearly assist in that regard—irony intended.

An opposition that promised a long-term plan for the future has mutated into a government scrambling desperately for ideas, throwing up short-sighted, ill thought out policy that exacerbates the very problems that Labor promised to solve. Where is the long-term coherent policy and strategy? Nowhere to be seen in this budget. There are just a whole lot of punitive measures, slush funds and inevitable spin. It just won’t wash.

Let us have a look at the future and what we can do. In going around my electorate of Tangney, I have heard people express concern that they see no light at the end of the tunnel regarding petrol. Not only do they worry
about increasing fuel prices; they worry that there will not be any fuel at all for their vehicles. What is the government doing? These are issues of sovereign risk and sovereign energy security, which are clearly critical for our long-term future. What the government is doing is nothing more than attempting to wallpaper over gaping cracks
in its policies.

I have already spoken at length of the necessity to consider nuclear energy, so I will not dwell on it. I would just urge the government to fully and critically examine and analyse all potential electricity generation methods. We need a comprehensive national energy strategy. This is something that is clearly not on the cards with this government.
But what about petrol and other oil based products? It may shock you to learn that there is an essentially Third World nation that obtains fully one-third of its fuel synthetically and has done so for 50 years. The country is the
nation of my birth, South Africa, and the process is Sasol. Rugby Union fans would probably have wondered what
‘Sasol’ across the Springboks jumper meant. You are about to find out.

Sasol is an oil-from-coal process that uses the Fischer-Tropsch process, developed prior to World War II. Germany
produced synthetic fuel during the war using this process. It was further developed in South Africa, and Sasol fuels began to be sold 50 years ago. This process was largely ignored in the rest of the world due to the expense
of the process, but from South Africa’s perspective in the apartheid days it was essential from an energy security point of view. A benefit of the fuel is that it is extremely clean. Just as synthetic engine oil has virtually no impurities, the same holds for synthetic petrol. The really good news is that the fuel that was ignored due to costs
is now remarkably cheap. The Sasol process produces oil for between $27 and $55 a barrel. Somehow I do not
think we will have oil prices quite that low again. The United States is showing significant interest in the process,
as are many other nations. Where are we?

The green disciples of anthropogenic global warming will oppose this process, as it is relatively carbon dioxide intensive. But let us take the time to examine some of the pseudoscience on which this whole anthropogenic global warming belief is based. Let us also examine how these disciples act and how they are reported. First, I find some of the commentary coming from some of the anthropogenic global warming zealots extremely perplexing.

We hear that the rate of increase of global temperature is faster than the science predicted. But what is actually
happening?

I have three graphs: one from the third IPCC assessment report and two from the fourth assessment report. All of the projections show an increase from the year 2000, even if the graph for carbon dioxide is held constant at year 2000 levels. I repeat: all the projections show an increase over the last decade. But what do actual measurements
show? I have many charts showing the global temperature as measured by four groups, including the Hadley centre, whose data is officially used by the IPCC. This data shows that the temperature has flatlined over the
last 10 years. Observation does not fit theory and yet the theory is deemed correct.

A classic example of rejecting facts which do not fit the theory is the temperature graph over the last 1,000 years and the use of tree ring and tree density data as a proxy for temperature. There is a well-known problem when comparing tree ring and density data with temperature data over the last 140 years. Between 1860 and 1960,
the data agreed reasonably well. After 1960, there is a divergence. The tree ring and density data indicate that temperatures have decreased, where measurements have actually indicated an increase. If you look at the IPCC
graphs, the tree proxy data ends abruptly at—you guessed it—1960.

Keith Briffa, a lead author of the IPCC, in the chapter relating to tree proxy data had this to say of the divergence
problem: In the absence of a substantiated explanation for the decline, we make the assumption that it is likely to be a response to some kind of recent anthropogenic forcing. On the basis of this assumption, the pre-twentieth century part of the reconstructions can be considered to be free from similar events and thus accurately represent past temperature variability.

In other words, we do not know how the hell to explain the post-1960 data, so we will just blame humans and accept that all the earlier data is correct because that fits neatly with our paradigm. This is what a friend of mine refers to as ‘situating the appreciation rather than appreciating the situation’. You make the facts fit the theory then you should make the theory fit the facts.

If global temperature is not heating as predicted, maybe this elusive heat is going into the oceans. Not so. Three thousand oceanic robots that dive up to 1,000 metres have been measuring ocean temperatures since 2003 and
show, if anything, a slight decrease and certainly not an increase. So where has the heat gone? IPCC coordinating lead author Kevin Trenberth has stated: … none of the climate states in the models correspond even remotely to the current observed climate. In particular, the state of the oceans, sea ice, and soil moisture has no relationship to the observed state at any recent time in any of the IPCC models.

According to Kevin Trenberth, the lost heat is probably going back out to space. He says the earth has a number of
natural thermostats, including clouds, which can trap heat, turn up the temperature or reflect sunlight and help cool the planet. So why is none of this reflected in the modelling? It is situating the appreciation again.

This whole issue of anthropogenic global warming has all the classic hallmarks of religion. There are the high priests—the Gores, the Flannerys etcetera of the world, who talk the talk but are utterly hypocritical when it comes to walking their talk. There is the concept of original sin, being industry and carbon dioxide, and the whole issue of penance or paying the price for your actions. This is the way we have to pay for the use of industry which is emitting carbon dioxide. The high priests, however, can get away with their profligate lifestyle by buying indulgences, also known as carbon credits, and so continue to sin. Hence, we have Flannery jetting here, there and everywhere and Gore, similarly, with just one of his residences—one of three, I might add—consuming 20 times as much energy as the average American household. That is how concerned he is about global warming in reality.

The media indulge the high priests, castigating the many heretics who dare to differ. Yet they let the high priests off, not scrutinising their statements as the media should. Take Flannery’s suggestion, for example, of putting sulphur into the atmosphere, using terribly polluting aircraft to disperse it. What a delicious irony! For those who know a bit of chemistry, what happens when you mix sulphur, water and oxygen? You get sulphuric acid, also known as acid rain. I guess that is the price that we need to pay for our sin. But why has the media not lampooned
Flannery, who is supposed to be a global warming expert scientist of the highest order, for such a ridiculous proposal?

It is political correctness of the highest and most unconscionable order.

So what we have is a more and more desperate anthropogenic global warming theory supporters club who, when the data indicates that the planet has not been heating for the last 10 years and the oceans have not heated for at east the last five, tell us that global warming is happening even more quickly than the theory predicts. After all, the models must be right, just like the bookies must always be right with predictions on match or racing results.

The problem is that this religion based around the false god of a controllable and naturally benign climate is going to hurt every man, woman and child in Australia as a result of significantly higher fuel and energy prices and onsequent increases in the cost of living, particularly food, so groceries and fuel and so on are going to go up
significantly—estimates say approximately 10c to 30c per litre for petrol alone. This government is clearly quite
happy with that, and that is a tragedy for many Australians.

Dr. Dennis Jensen
Federal Member for Tangney
Western Australia

————————
This speech was made by Dr Jensen in the Australian Federal Parliament on June 3, 2008, on the Appropriation Bill.

Filed Under: Uncategorized Tagged With: Energy & Nuclear

Humpback off Sydney, Australia

June 4, 2008 By jennifer

Each year some humpback whales migrate from the Antarctic to north eastern Australian waters travelling a distance of some 10,000 Kilometres. Some pass Sydney and even enter the harbour.

I understand there is lots of food in the Antarctic, but it’s a bit cold for birthing with baby whales likely to freeze in Antarctic water.

whales_Humpback off Sydney blog.jpg
Humpback off Sydney, June 1, 2008, Photograph by Libby Eyre

whales_breach_libby blog.jpg
Humpback off Sydney, June 1, 2008, Photograph by Libby Eyre

Filed Under: Uncategorized Tagged With: Plants and Animals, Whales

Tests of the Sensitivity of the Atmosphere to Variations in Green Houses Gases by Tom Quirk

June 2, 2008 By Tom Quirk

General Circulation Models (GCM) used to forecast the future evolution of the atmosphere do not properly cover many of the important features of the last fifty years. This raises serious questions about their ability to predict future climate development with a precision that will be of use to policy makers.

The following are a simple and a sophisticated test of modelling the atmosphere.

First an analysis of regions with enhanced sensitivity to changes in CO2 concentration. These are found by comparing regions of varying concentrations of water vapour but constant CO2 concentration where changes in green house gases vary the amount of radiation directed downwards from the atmosphere to the surface. This should show changes in surface temperature as the global CO2 concentration increases with time.

This is followed by a test of the latest GCM models against measurements.

The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen substantially in the last fifty years but it has been difficult to isolate its contribution to the world temperature rise that has occurred in that time.

A continuous stream of high quality measurements show the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen from 316 ppmv in 1959 to 382 ppmv in 2006. This is an increase of 21% in some fifty years. At the same time the global temperature has increased by 0.5 to 1.0 0C.

There are large variations in water vapour in the atmosphere with a maximum at the equator and minima at the poles. In addition there are bands of latitude where the seasonal temperature variations are small as the ocean interacts with the atmosphere. These should be regions where the effects of global changes in CO2 concentration are more obvious in year on year variations as other climate variations are reduced.

The damping of seasonal temperature change can be seen from Figure 1 showing the maximum variations of temperature as a function of latitude averaged over the years 1948 to 2006.

Figure 1
figure1_climate_tests.JPG

Two latitude bands were selected for analysis, the band 4 to 9 N in the tropics and the band 51 to 56 S in the Southern Ocean.

The tropical band surface is 75% ocean while the Southern Ocean band is 99% ocean. As a comparison, the band 51 to 56 N is only 40% ocean and has substantial seasonal variations.

The mean monthly temperatures are shown below averaged over the years 1948 to 2006 in Figures 2 and 3

Figure 2:
figure2_climate_tests.JPG

Figure 3
figure3_climate_tests.JPG

The variations are 0.8 0C in the Tropics and 4.0 0C in the Southern Ocean

The variations in the mean annual humidity are shown below in Figure 4:

There is a 70% reduction in water vapour in moving from the Tropics to the Southern Ocean with a consequent enhancement of the contribution of CO2 to the downward directed radiation from the atmosphere.

The seasonal variations show that humidity remains relatively stable in the two latitude bands chosen for analysis. This is not the case for the equivalent Northern latitude band where there is a factor of five seasonal change in humidity.

Figure 4
figure4_climate_tests.JPG

The mean annual temperatures for the Tropical band are shown below in Figure 5.

Figure 5
figure5_climate_tests.JPG

A simple straight line has been fitted to the temperatures although there is clearly some detailed short term structure present such as ENSO. The Southern Ocean temperatures have also been treated in the same way.

The linear gradients from the least squares fits are given in the Table 1

Table 1
table1_climate_tests.JPG

The Southern Ocean temperatures are better described by a temperature increase for 1948 to 1976 and then a constant temperature. However as with the Tropical temperatures, there is clearly some short term structure seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6
figure6_climate_tests.JPG

The analysis shows the tropical temperature increase is substantially larger than the Southern Ocean increase.

The MODTRAN computer programme has been used to give a simple indication of the changes in downward radiation from the atmosphere to the surface. Relative humidity is held constant and temperatures and the water vapour scale adjusted to the measured values.

The temperature increases have been calculated using MODTRAN and assuming a latent energy contribution at the surface. The latent energy term is a function of surface temperature and reduces the temperature rise by a factor of two.

The results are shown in Table.2

Table 2
table2_climate_tests.JPG

The calculations show that for increased CO2 there is a larger increase in downward radiation in the Antarctic region compared to the Tropics. This is also the case for a doubling of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Feedback effects have been included in the final results shown below in Table 3.

Table 3
table3_climate_tests.JPG

Thus a simple calculation gives a larger temperature increase in the Antarctic region over the Tropics. However the atmosphere has energy transfer processes that may explain the apparent contradiction.

General Circulation Models (GCM) take into account many energy transfer processes and are used to forecast climate temperature changes. Many of these models are calibrated against past measurements of a number of atmospheric variables. Two models that offer access to their results have been examined with data taken from the GISS and GFDL websites. Both are members of the IPCC group listed at the LLNL website.

GCM surface temperature profiles for the fifty years from 1950 to 2000 were downloaded and the map longitude-latitude grid point temperatures averaged around latitude circles.

Surface temperature measurements were taken from the NCAR website and for comparison 5 year means have been used with temperatures averaged in latitude bands.

The results of the comparisons are shown below in Figure 7 for the Goddard Institute for Space Studies GCM with a coupled atmosphere-ocean. Data was downloaded for all forcings combined for the 1880-2003 Climate Forcings.

Figure 7
figure7_climate_tests.JPG

A similar comparison has been made for the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (Princeton) CM2.X Coupled Climate Model. The results are also shown below in Figure 8 and an overall summary is given in Table 4.

Figure 8
figure8_climate_tests.JPG

Table 4 – Global Temperature Changes
table4_climate_tests.JPG

While the global values are consistent with the measurements, in detail the calculations are not supported by measurements. There are different responses at the North and South Poles and a complicated response in the latitudes 60 S to 60 N.

The GCM’s are closer to the measurements than the simple MODTRAN calculation. This demonstrates the importance of many processes other than the CO2 forcing. However the comparisons show that these processes do not seem to have been adequately modelled to date.

The contribution of increasing CO2 concentrations is not detectable with this analysis. This is not to doubt that it has an effect but that there are other processes also at work in the atmosphere ocean system that tend to dominate.

However the confidence with which the future predictions are presented coupled with the obvious mismatches with the past are an echo of the Soviet era Polish saying: “The future is certain only the past is unpredictable”.

Tom Quirk
Melbourne

Filed Under: Uncategorized Tagged With: Climate & Climate Change

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Jennifer Marohasy Jennifer Marohasy BSc PhD has worked in industry and government. She is currently researching a novel technique for long-range weather forecasting funded by the B. Macfie Family Foundation. Read more

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